internet government control Essay Example For Students

web government control Essay In the 21st century we live in an economy, moderately unhindered by the legislature, a strategy called lassier faire which permits the market to run without the administrations control. Despite the fact that there is a sure imperceptible hand that the administration gangs to guarantee that syndications, or any of the hurtful organizations are being worked to guarantee security for the normal resident. Napster established by Shawn Flanning is a site which can be joined on any home PC with access to the web, where there after can exchange and download essentially any tune that individual wants. For this straightforward explanation this site is enduring an onslaught from claims originating from the music business. Performers are at the leader of the charge pointed against Napster for the misuse of their music. A board of U.S circuit of bids that are a board of judges decided that Napster is in an infringement of copyright encroachments. It is an approach to get music without really buying it and some numerous organizations feel for the loss of incomes Napster should pay eminences or seize to exist. The RIAA, which speaks to many record organizations, documented a government claim against Napster only months after the tune exchanging site started in 1999. The claim guarantees that Napster could ransack the music business of billions of dollars in lost benefits. In protection against the courts, and furious performers originator Shawn Flanning has expressed any choice the courts choose to authorize will be intensely coordinated with claims to keep Napster going as indicated by the NY times. Additionally cited saying Napster works since individuals who love music share and take an interest, individuals said it wouldnt endure Page 2when there was just 700,000 clients, and again when there was 17,000,000 individuals, presently today we have in excess of 50 million individuals, and well figure out how to duplicate and remain around. The court found that Napster had encroached upon copyright holders rights to control the multiplication and dispersion of their music, likewise expressing that the account business would almost certainly win. Having the starter directive smack on Napster last July just to toppled being seen as overbroad and must be redrawn. This is an indication of Napster enduring another fight. The war despite everything seethes on and the chronicle marks guarantee the lost of incomes and copyright encroachment. My sentiment on this issue is that this issue must be settled by the courts as a result of the limit of Napster is self likewise the measure of cash recording industry could remain to lose. Taking everything into account, Im in Napsters corner and would prefer not to see it changed, or far more terrible ended.

China History assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China History task - Essay Example The primitive arrangement of the Zhou was around 1045BC and appeared in the wake of overcoming the Shang. Their monetary exercises were portrayed by a very much characterized framework where respectable men possessed the terrains while the worker families were liable for tiling. This stage had advantages of improving the trade since it was popularized. Be that as it may, it prompted class contrast where a class of riches shippers developed. The open arrangement of the Warring States kept going between 475â€221 BCE and was portrayed by mechanical progression which profited the individuals by creating enormous scope financial items. Be that as it may, this period was portrayed by quick changes which profited just a class of individuals while the laborers at the ground kept on getting more unfortunate. The other stage was the centralist arrangement of the Qin which kept going between 221â€206 BCE. This period saw quick development of the Qin administration up to Vietnam in the south and Mongolia in the north. This period prides in building up a normalized type of weight estimation, composing and length estimation. Notwithstanding, this period was likewise portrayed by uprisings from the individuals after the passing of their lord which was the purpose behind the decrease of Qin (Fong, 1995).

The Story of an immigrants life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Story of an outsiders life - Essay Example The reasons why individuals change the spot of their living are totally different. Now and again it is associated with money related issues, in others with different kinds of isolation, etc. The most significant thing is that difference in the recognizable air may carry the individual to the difference in the entirety of his qualities and purposes. The point of this work is to examine the social occasion associated with the historical backdrop of my family and remember the itemized reflection for how this story influenced the feeling of my character. My story begins with the city of Bangladesh, which proclaimed its freedom in December 16, 1971. The new nation confronted consistent logical inconsistencies between the official specialists and the driven battle to push ahead and make the progress. In 1995, my uncle Ahmadur Rahman moved to the USA with his family so as to furnish his youngsters with the better life conditions. His family would have never left Bangladesh, on the off chanc e that they thought pretty much all difficulties outside the city.

Warning Signs on Essay Writing Tips and Samples You Must Know

Warning Signs on Essay Writing Tips and Samples You Must Know Ok, I Think I Understand Essay Writing Tips and Samples, Now Tell Me About Essay Writing Tips and Samples! In such a way, it is going to be less difficult to compose the essay quickly. There are many sorts of essay. After writing the very first imperfect draft, you will feel relieved, as your essay is all but ready and everything you should do is to correct modest mistakes. Thus, develop a strong conclusion to generate an enduring impression on the reader by means of your essay writing. There are lots of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the real collection of the very best. A very clear font has to be applied as the essay has to be easy readable. Then the very best way is place a request I want to acquire essay papers written. There are thought to be three standard methods to fix the essay style. The Chronicles of Essay Writing Tips and Samples If you become caught, transfer to another part Don't wait up if you just happen to truly feel like you may be caught in a sure space of your dissertation. For every single composition, there's a fundamental structure. To earn a process develop, it's important to begin no matter what, in order to create the inspiration flow. In both instances, the procedure for writing will start with an outline. From 1 side, it may seem and tips is nothing simpler than writing about yourself. To begin with, you tips attempt to concentrate on your own personal life experien ce. Tricks is preferable to begin writing when you tips assigned the undertaking. The key is find out a good book discover from. Normally, it is going to be Everything matters, when you're working on your critique. Preparation is the secret, so have a look at some basic strategies for writing an essay when you've got a limited timeframe. New tests, methodology, classes, suggestions and concepts happen each day on the planet of education. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. You may continue to keep the principal subject of your investigation facing you in a kind of a sticky note or a printed reminder, in order not to get rid of the major idea as you place your thoughts on paper. If you haven't been assigned a topic, you have a bit more work to do. You could have your topic assigned, or you might be given free reign to write on the topic of your selection. The Argument About Essay Writing Tips and Samples There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the client s seeking urgent assistance. Write is far better to acquire professional writing assistance from and corresponding support. Even in the event the deadline is very tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. The important thing here is to be creative but logical at exactly the same moment. Even the most well-known examples need context. Words shouldn't be employed to fill up blank space only for the interest of it. When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the exact words and phrases over and over again. The presentation will be beneficial for students who do not have any idea how to compose the Essay about Yourself and need some help. This essay will allow you to select a topic by using your abilities. Writing an essay is an ambitious job, especially in case you have time limitations. Provide a concise review of the novel, together with for each and every section of the book. Top Essay Writing Tips and Samples Choices Essay writing is apparently very difficul t and most important thing student need to do in university, school and college. While an essay is a big project, there are several steps a student can take which will help break down the task into manageable pieces. Therefore, in case you have some self good expert aid with college admission essays goals stories to share, don't hesitate to do it. Most students don't have patience since they have other curriculum activities to do. You have to write essay as a way to pass your exams, as a way to find admission in a prestigious institution, so as to convince people for some stance taken by you and similarly there are several other occasion whenever you have to compose an essay. The reason you're requested to compose an admission essay is to compare the level of similarity in research interests involving you and the faculty member you would like to work with. A personal statement permits the reader to observe an applicant as a person who differs from different applicants. Your own personal statement will determine whether you're being accepted or rejected by means of a school of your pick.

ESL Lesson Plan Using Suggestopedia

During a workshop held by Lori Ristevski concerning the practical application of Brain Friendly Learning (otherwise known as effective/affective learning), Lori stated that this method of teaching is based on the idea that effective learning is suggestive in nature, not direct. In other words, learning takes place through a combination of different types of right and left brain functions. She stated that long-term memory is semi-conscious and that we must sidetrack people with other things in order to allow them to receive information through peripheral perception. In order to  understand these concepts, Lori led us through a concert. A concert is basically a story read (or sung by some) out loud by the teacher. Students concentrate on understanding the story and not on learning new vocabulary, grammar etc. Following are the steps of this exercise and an example text for a concert. An important principle applied to this exercise (and, I imagine, all effective/affective materials) is the repeated exposure to new material. Music is also played in the background as a means of stimulating right brain participation. A Concert Step 1: Read (or sing in a quasi-recitative style - good luck ;-) the concert to students. Make sure to not introduce the new material before the concert.Step 2: Have students split up into teams. Read the concert back with pauses, the focus information being presented, for the students to fill in. Each correct answer gets a point. For example: You are working on introducing prepositions, you have read the concert and now read John went ____ the store ___ the corner. Students shout out into! and on! and the various teams get points.Step 3: Have students, in their respective teams, take cards (that you have prepared) with the new words/phrases on them. Students then place the cards in the correct order of usage or combine them with other cards to make sense. For example: Cards have been created with prepositions and nouns. Students need to then match up the correct preposition with the noun.Step 4: Have students make up sentences, in turn, using the paired up cards. For example: Stude nt A takes the pair into, store and says, He went into the store to buy some food. Now, heres the concert text. Thanks to another colleague, Judith Ruskin, for having created this text. The target language areas of this text are verb preposition, and adjective preposition combinations. Once upon a time, there was a young man who was addicted to chocolate. He ate it for breakfast in the morning, at lunch and dinner - it seemed that he was never tired of eating it. Chocolate with cornflakes, chocolate on toast, chocolate, and beer - he even boasted of eating chocolate and steak. He was married to a beautiful woman whom he had met when he was recovering from flu. She was a nurse, responsible for all the patients in the area and very content with her job. In fact, the only problem these two had was his dependence on chocolate. One day the young wife decided on a plan to make her husband allergic to chocolate forever. She confided in her best friend and asked her to cooperate with her in playing a trick on her husband. She was aware of the fact that her friend suffered from rats and she asked if she could borrow some of her rat poison. Her friend was a little surprised at the request but agreed to it and gave her the poison. The young wife hurried home and started work in the kitchen, very satisfied with herself. An hour later she emerged from the kitchen proudly carrying a large chocolate cake and the empty tin of rat poison. Darling - Ive made a lovely chocolate cake for you! she called fondly. Down the stairs, the greedy husband ran and in short time he had polished it off, right down to the last crumb. He was released from the hospital after only two weeks. He never accused his wife of poisoning him, but he was always slightly suspicious of her. Needless to say, he never again touched chocolate. Well, as you can tell my colleague is British and has that touch of famed British love of black humor... For further information on effective/affective learning: SEALSociety for Effective Affective Learning. UK based global association promoting effective/affective learning. SuggestopediaAn introduction to Suggestopedia through a look at documentation on the Net concerning its theory, practice,  and principles. BRAIN friendly English Learning Take a look at this exciting approach to learning/teaching English which focuses on using all areas of the brain while enjoying learning.

The Fastest Growing Sphere Of Influence Today s Society...

The fastest growing sphere of influence in today’s society is technology. People of all ages are able to stay in touch with news, politics, and celebrity gossip at an unprecedented rate. One contributor to this communication outlet would be the continued rise of social media, which is allowing those of all ages to connect with those around them and express their individuality. Media advancement has created new types of communication that impacts people and shapes the way they communicate. Social media plays a major part in modern day communication due to the variety of nonverbal behaviors taking place. The primary example of nonverbals comes across through visual communication. For example, images and graphics are seen as the nonverbal behavior of artifacts when used in media (Adami Jewitt, 2016). The pictures can also display facial expressions or words that allow one to communicate through them. This act of using images to communicate is very popular as pictures seem to have take over the most prominent social media sites including Instagram, Pinterest, and Tumblr. Online, these icons are seen as a medium for individualism and self-expression allowing visual communication and social media to coincide. On the other hand, images can also spark dialectical tensions that can be relived through posts and comment threads or the graphics could even unite groups through their humor. All of these together contributes to the creation of subcultural communities as a way ofSho w MoreRelatedFactors Influencing A Person s Political Views1340 Words   |  6 PagesSelf-Evaluation A lot of factor influences a person’s political views. A person is influenced by a lot of things that make them able to take the political stance at a point of life. As an individual, he walks through the pace of long life to understand the values and beliefs that he has been hearing since childhood. 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The media is viewed as a source of power that influences, controls, and promotes new standards in the society and reinforces the existing ones. As the media increases in use as our prime source for information and values, there is a great need to critically evaluate inherent socio-political and culturalRead More The Influence of the Media on Politics Essays4124 Words   |  17 PagesThe Influence of the Media on Politics Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one. This quote by A.J. Liebling illustrates the reality of where the media stands in todays society. Over the past twenty years there has been an increase in power throughout the media with regard to politics. The medias original purpose was to inform the public of the relevant events that occurred around the world. The job of the media is to search out the truth and relay that news to the peopleRead MoreRacial Discrimination and Hispanics in the United States2775 Words   |  12 Pageslargest and fastest growing population in the United States, continue to struggle for full acceptance and equal opportunity† (Louie, 2005, Para 1). The migration of Hispanic groups such as the Puerto Rican Americans was not readily accepted by the United States causing immediate social inequality. This social inequality caused segregation and forced the Puerto Rican Americans to work the lowest paying jobs and live in the poorest communit ies. This paper identifies factors that influence past and presentRead MoreIslamic Fundamentalism5541 Words   |  23 PagesIslamic Fundamentalism 3.2. Islamic fundamentalist movements Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world and is second only to Christianity in number of adherents. Muslims live in all parts of the world, but the majority of Muslims are concentrated in the Middle East and Asia North Africa, Central Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia. Today, more than a billion people around the world are Muslims. It is very well known that certain networks

Innovation

Question: Write an essay on Innovation. Answer: Introduction This research paper is primarily concerned with the innovation in the business organization. Innovation plays a significant role in every business organization. Innovation helps the organization to sustain its position in the global competitive market (Abramson and Littman, 2002). With the help of the innovative idea, the organization can able to gat enhance the profit percentage of the organization and this will ultimately helps to increase the GDP growth of the country. The revenue of the business organization facilitates the governing to increase the revenue of the company. Here in this report, the prime ministers Malcolm Turnbull of Australian Government have asked to prepare a report on the role of the innovative ideas in business organization. This report is first going to excavate the definition of innovation and the role of innovation in the society. In the later section of the report, the paper is going to determine the relationship between the ideas and innovation (Bessant, 2009). Before implementing any kind of strategies, the marketing manager of the organization has to understand whether the organization has capacity to handle innovative ideas or not. Development of innovative strategies is easy for the management of the organization but it is hard to implement correctly. Definition of innovation From the definition of innovation, readers can have brief idea about the innovation. Innovation is the sum up of the two terms one s invention and another is exploitation. Innovation is the new way of doing a certain thing. Often business organizations have imitated ideas from different organizations and management of the organization should put innovative touch in those ideas so that it seems real to them. The process of innovation is entirely related to firms position in competitive market (ÄŒeiÄ ytÄ—, 2015). The management of the organization has to undertake different strategic decision for retaining the position in the competitive market. With the help of the Portes Five Force Analysis, innovative ideas can be undertaken. On the other hand, management of the organization can take help of the PESTLE analysis to understand the position of the company in the global competitive market. Along with that, SWOT analysis helps to understand the current position of the company. Innovation means adoption of ideas, which are authentic and new for the business organization (Drucker, 2005). Innovation is known as the adoption capability of the organization in the changing economy or changing market. Innovation can be brought in several aspects of the organization like in the products, prices, processes and strategies (Gorman, 2007). According to the prime minister of Australia, it is said that primarily the innovation brought into the product and processes only but recently due to changing demand in the market, the marketing manager of the organization brings innovation in the business models also. Role of innovation in society Every business organization is the part of the society so business organization can be considered as the part of the society. Every business organization is customer oriented and customers are the significant part of the society. On the other hand, employees are the key stakeholder of the organization and they are the part of the society (Grandori, 2006). Therefore, it can be said that innovation in the business organization definitely affects the societal activities. Entrepreneurs are the engine of the business; a business organization must understand the worth of taking risks and play with the innovative ideas until then business organizations should adopt new strategies. Customers or service users are the part of the business firm and it is the sole responsibility of the management of the organization to understand the demand of the customers and try to fulfill their demand. From the survey, it can be understood that almost 90% of the business organization believes that innovation is the integral part of the organization and innovation is the priority for the business ideas. In case of the strategic planning, innovation is the significant issue (Hossain, 2015). Innovative ideas help to improve the economic scenario of the business and this ultimately beneficial for the economic condition of the country. With the help of the money, governing body of Australia can undertake several policies regarding the welfare of the society. Relationship between Ideas and Innovation Idea, innovation and creativity are three different words, business organizations often misinterpret these three terms. This paper is primarily concerned with the ideas and innovation. The management of the organization is entitled to make the ideas innovative and there is a pathway of giving innovative shape to the ideas (Innovation, 2001). Ideas cannot help to determine the competitive advantages of the organization rather it works on different aspects. Ideas can help to win the competitive advantages only when it is innovative. Managers have to follow the steps to turn the idea in an innovative one. For turning the idea into an innovative one, the management should work on the road mapping. Researcher should build knowledge and make road mapping. In the second step, feasibility of the ideas should be determined, later testing the ideas (Innovation, innovation, innovation, 2009). Third section is the testing of ideas, testing helps to prove that those ideas are beneficial for the growth of the organization and can be useful in practical implementation. After practical testing of the ideas only, it can be determined that the ideas are profitable for the organization or not. If the management of the organization finds that, the ideas are new and useful for the growth of the company in that case, those ideas can be recognized as the innovative one. After development of the innovative ideas, the firm should implement those strategies or ideas in the organizational process (Innovation-oriented projects, 2014). Th is process facilitates in improving the commercialization of the company on daily basis. With the help of the Cornings Five Step Model, the relationship between Ideas and innovation can be determined. Capacity of Australia regarding innovation Innovation capacity of Australia cannot be measured effectively; it is quite difficult for the researcher to understand the innovative capacity of Australia. From the economic perspective, Australia and Belgium are two countries. If it is judge from this respect then it can be considered that there are many industries in Belgium but Australia somehow lacks it (Kavic, 2006). From the perspective of industry, it can be seen that there are many companies in Belgium regarding Creativity but somehow there is no such company in Australia, which is particularly related to creativity. However, Australia is a technologically up-graded country so the company has scope to enhance their market in creative field (Morgenstern, 2007) Among the several other countries in the field of creativity, the most significant one is Electronics NV develops 3D rendering for computer games and Hollywood blockbusters. The organization is famous for its creative development in the sector of computer games. After surveying the market, it has been concluded that there are no such companies in Australia, which culture on development of 3D rendering. Australia has scope to develop their market but due to lack of innovative ideas, the management of the organization has showed no interest. Prime Minister has understood that the market for computer games is innovative and lucrative so it is necessary for the organization to invest a good amount of revenue in this field (Pinchot and Pellman, 2009). Benefit to business due to increased innovation Innovation has several benefits in the business organizations, It helps to maintain the trend and competition in the market. It is the duty of the management of the organization to understand the recent trend of the service users. changes in the trend of the customers, helps to set goals of the organization. On the other hand, innovative ideas help to maintain the competitiveness in the business organization. Competition among the organization helps to check the structure of the organization (Randall, 2005). Innovative helps to bring out most of everything. Australia is a developing country and the economic condition of Australia is fair enough. Even the governing body of Australia believes in free trade so the new business organization has no pressure in setting up the business. Innovation helps in generating good selling points Conclusion and Recommendation From the above discussion of the paper, it can be concluded that innovation is the inevitable part of every organization. The report also helps in determining that there are several reasons behind the determination of innovative ideas. Innovation has direct linked with the positive attitude of the organization. There are some recommendations for the organization regarding innovation and these recommendations help the organization to improve the capacity of the organization. The recommendations are: The leaders of the organization should motivate the employees so that they can increase the productivity of the organization. It is the sole responsibility of the management of the organization to allow the employees to take active part in the decision-making process of the organization (Usselman, 2002). Technological development has become the integrals part of the organization and bringing innovation should be technologically justified or technologically oriented. Training of the employees helps to bring out the innovative ideas. References 1000ventures.com. (2016).NPD best practices: Corning's 5 Steps Innovation Process - from Idea To Successful Commercial Product. [online] Available at: https://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/cs_npd_corning_5steps.html [Accessed 24 May 2016]. Abramson, M. and Littman, I. (2002).Innovation. Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield. Bessant, J. (2009).Innovation. London: DK. ÄŒeiÄ ytÄ—, J. (2015). Responsible innovation.Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2(2), pp.237-241. Drucker, P. (2005).Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper Row. Gorman, T. (2007).Innovation. Avon, MA: Adams Media. Grandori, A. (2006). Innovation, Uncertainty and Relational Governance.Industry Innovation, 13(2), pp.127-133. Hossain, M. (2015). Adopting Open Innovation to Stimulate Frugal Innovation and Reverse Innovation.SSRN Electronic Journal. Innovation, innovation, innovation. (2009).Nature Materials, 8(1), pp.1-1. Innovation. (2001). Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Innovation-oriented projects. (2014).Science and innovation, 10(1), pp.69-81. Kavic, S. (2006). Innovation and the Surgical Trainee.Surgical Innovation, 13(4), pp.288-289. Morgenstern, L. (2007). Can We Afford Innovation?.Surgical Innovation, 14(2), pp.138-139. Pinchot, G. and Pellman, R. (2009).Intrapreneuring in action. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Randall, R. (2005).Innovation. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Usselman, S. (2002).Regulating railroad innovation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Snowmobiles in the Environment Essay Example

Snowmobiles in the Environment Paper Snowmobiles affect wildlife. Snowmobiles should be banned. If youve ever read any of these statements or you agree with these statements youre not alone. The folks that make these statements usually do so with some kind of data that backs it up. The data could allow a reasonable person to come to the conclusion that the statements are correct. Snowmobiles cause too much pollution; it could be air, water, or noise pollution. Air pollution from snowmobiles is the result of using a two-stroke motor. Two-stroke motors (Two-stroke cycle, n. D. Have been in use since they were invented in 1860. They have provided an inexpensive, lightweight, powerful energy source for many applications. They eve powered chainsaws, motorcycles, outboard boat motors, personal watercraft, weed eaters, lawnmowers, and of course, snowmobiles. In 2001, the EPA published a proposed emissions standards (Emissions standards for new inroad engines, September 2001 ) change for inroad vehicles. It was targeted at redu cing the harmful emissions created from inroad vehicles such as snowmobile, TVs, and dirt bikes. In 2002, the EPA imposed new regulations (Emissions standards for new inroad engines, September 2002) that incorporated the proposed changes to emissions regulations. The first phase of the implementation was targeted at the mobiles produced for the 2006 model year. Additional requirements will be phased in for the 2010 and 2012 model years. The new standards used a baseline HCI (hydrocarbons) and CO (carbon monoxide) for the two stroke engines. This is measured in grams per kilowatt her. The baseline HCI for a two- stroke snowmobile engine 1 52 g/K-her, the CO baseline was 405 g/K-her. The required improvement for 2006 set the Max HCI at 1 00 g/K-her and the Max CO at 275 g/K-her. The snowmobile industry has responded by recalibrating the existing two-strokes, bringing in new direct injection technology, and offering four-stroke engine alternatives. The two-stroke recalibration option by itself (HCI of 74 g/k-her and CO of 201 g/K-her) has exceeded the 2006 regulations and is on the verge of meeting the 2012 regulations. The direct injection and four-stroke options that are available already meet the emissions requirements for 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Snowmobiles in the Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Snowmobiles in the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Snowmobiles in the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The direct injection option performs at a HCI of 30 g/K-her and a CO of 123 g/K-her. The four- stroke option performs at an HCI of 1 log/K-her and a CO of 1 68 g/K-her. The direct injection two-stroke (Frequently asked questions from snowmobiles, September 2002) actually has lower CO emissions than that of a four-stroke. Extensive reports have been produced by the National Parks Service that compare snowmobile emissions to that of snow coaches, automobiles, trucks, and Revs. The reports were made to discuss air quality concerns related to snowmobile usage in national parks. The report titled Air Quality Concerns Related to Snowmobile usage in National Parks (February 2000), does a decent job of comparing different emissions related to the different motor vehicle types. The major emissions concerns that have been directed at snowmobiles have been the HCI and CO emissions. In the above listed report hat was complied in February 2000, which was prior to the implementation of EPA standards for snowmobiles, snowmobiles contributed to 68% of all HCI emissions in Yellowstone National Park. Snowmobiles were responsible for 42% of CO emissions, and less than 1% of the Knox emissions as well. If snowmobile use were permitted at the levels listed in the Air Quality Concerns Related to Snowmobile Usage in National Parks report with the new emissions standards with the use of direct injection two-strokes, a far different outcome would be had. HCI emissions would be 27% instead of 68%, CO emissions would be 18% rather than 42%. The Knox emissions are already far below the automobile, snow coach and truck percentages. If these same numbers were calculated based on four-stroke usage, the percentages for the HCI emissions would be another third lower. Of all the emissions that snowmobiles produce, CO emissions are the most harmful to the global environment by contributing to global warming. When compared to the CO emissions produced by automobiles, the cleanest snowmobile could still produce 4 times the CO than that of an automobile operated for the same distance. Knox is the gas that is most likely to contribute surface air pollution such as smog. Two stroke engines by nature only contribute a fraction of the Knox that automobiles do. Global warming is said to come from green house gases that are byproducts of many man-made processes such as burning fossil fuels and many natural processes such as methane gas produced from animal waste. The theory that global warming exists has seen some recent scrutiny from Senator James Info. In a September 2006 speech he gave in the senate (Hot and cold media spin cycle: A challenge to journalists who cover global warming, September 2006) Senator Info challenged the validity of global warming. He quoted news articles over the last 1 00 years that have gone back and forth between global warming and a coming ice age. He tells of a medieval warming trend that lasted 400 years and The Little Ice Age that lasted from 1 500 through 1850. It is Senator Infos belief that global warming is nothing more than climate change that is beyond our control. In a paper written by three University of Michigan students, (Global Warming: Fact or Fiction? , 1998) the existence of global warming is challenged again. This paper points out that much of the conclusions that support the theory of global warming are based on current enrapture trends rather than global history. It points out that we dont really know what normal is when it comes to temperature. Recorded temperature readings are only dated back to around 1850. Temperature readings prior to that are based on computer models and history of climatic events. Without knowledge Of what normal is, how can anyone determine whether the current trend of warming has been affected by human activities or if it is just part of nature. Although the EPA has established new exhaust emissions standards, they have not recently addressed excessive noise pollution created from snowmobile use. According to the ISMS (International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association), (Snowmobile facts: sound n. D. ) snowmobiles have been limited to dab measured at 50 Ft under full throttle since 1975. In response to the claims made by ISMS an article from the Blurter Network claims that (Isms Snow Facts -? A Snow Job! N. D. ) snowmobiles produce between 85-11 1 dab. The Blurter article does not state the distance that the 85-111 dab was recorded. Noise as related to snowmobiles and the way affects wildlife is very subjective at this point. Many articles have been written that make claims about potential impacts that the oases could have but they are not accompanied with data to back up the claims. It is very easy for a reasonable person to agree with a claim that excessive noise would limit an animals ability to detect prey. This in turn could cause said prey to have a lower survival rate in areas where snowmobiles creating excessive noise persist. Other examples include potential communication limitations from animal to animal that could limit mating. The main argument to reduce the excessive noise is how it impacts other humans. The National Parks Service employees that occupy the entrance gates in Yellowstone Park are very concerned with the noise missions as they claim that the noise level exceeds a safe limit of dab. Continued exposure at this level could hearing damage if not protected against it. The Blurter Network discusses how noise can affect the wilderness experience in Yellowstone Park (Isms Snow Facts A Snow Job! . D. ) by the persistence of noise created from snowmobiles. In areas within Yellowstone park such as old faithful, snowmobile noise can be heard nearly 100% of the time. In areas that are set up to be multi use, the wilderness experience that is expected by cross-country skiers and snow-shores is also adversely affected. Noise will continue to be an issue with snowmobiles unless regulations are put in p lace in the multi-user areas. Decibel meters could be used at the entrance to areas designated as low noise areas could limit access to only those that are compliant. This would allow snowmobile users and the non-motorized users to co-exist with minimal conflict. Areas that are maintained for snowmobile use should have decibel limits but they should be less restrictive. These areas wouldnt exclude foot traffic but it would be understood that higher noise levels are likely. The areas that are already designated for non-motorized use only should not have an issue with snowmobile noise. In conclusion, snowmobiles do indeed have an affect on the environment and other users of the National Parks. The smoke that is created by the older two-stroke engines is annoying and it does take away from the wilderness experience. The emissions do contribute to smog and are unhealthy. Although snowmobiles contribute to poor air quality, it is unclear on whether or not they contribute to global warming. The science behind global warming is not as clean as the media has claimed it to be. There are way too many arguments that support that global warming does or does not exist for the average citizen to offer much more than emotional support in either direction. The greatest impact seems to be the noise created by snowmobiles. Two-stroke or four-stroke, either type makes more noise than it should. The snowmobile riders wear heavily insulated helmets that tend to quiet the noise. From their perspective, they are not that noisy. From the perspective of a cross-country skier or backcountry snowshoes, they are excessively loud and intrusive on their experience. Snowmobiles do have limits on where they are allowed to operate though. Many areas are not available to motorized vehicles and offer the peace and quiet that many of the cross-country skiers are looking for.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay

Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay Kant’s Categorical Imperative essayOne of the most widespread ethical dilemmas is the admissibility of white lies. Pious deception is obviously a form of intentional deception, as soon as it expresses person’s interest. However, unlike non-virtuous deceit, as a rule, used to implement selfish interests, a virtuous deceit expresses interests that are compatible with other universal values, principles of morality and justice. In such cases, an object of deception and an object of a good deed do not coincide, and moreover, one subject typically lies to another subject for the benefit of either the third party, where the third party may be represented by anything from an individual to an abstract idea, or their own purposes seen as socially fair. For instance, in cases where it is necessary to neutralize terrorists during negotiations, anti-terrorist forces may be allowed to undertake all possible forms of pressure and distortion of reality in order to weaken the attention of law violators, force them to succumb to provocation, and further disarm, which is, in particular, shown in Steven Spielberg’s â€Å"Munich† (2005) referring to the historical event of Munich Olympics terrorist act. A more elegant example of white lies is fund in another Spielberg’s film â€Å"Schindler’s List† (1993), when a boy is cheating the Nazis, pointing to a man who had already been killed and calling him the man they were looking for. Here, lies turn into a necessary social tool able to achieve much more favorable results than in case only the truth is spoken. People lying in the context of a particular situation do not pursue their own interests or desires to benefit from it. It is also likely that outside the context the same people are not able to deceive others, while cheating may still be perceived as a tool the use of which is justified in strictly defined situations.Similar case is discussed by Kant in his â€Å"On a Supposed Ri ght to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns†, where he examines the example of a householder who has granted asylum to a friend, who was haunted by the lawbreakers. Later, as they knock on the man’s door and ask if the person of their interest was hiding in the house. According to Kant, the categorical moral duty commands to tell the whole truth to attackers without any concealment. The philosopher’s general thesis says that if for some reason, some kind person supposes that one’s lies can help someone or even save someone, this person is deeply mistaken, because saving some concrete individual, this person virtually â€Å"makes the very source of further unusable†, since the result of this humane act is the total distrust to any testimony at all, termination of social contracts and cancellation of all relationships. Moreover, the lie should be considered as an offense, as soon as a liar should further bear responsibility for all the unintended con sequences of one’s own actions. Indeed, the anti-terrorist operation in Munich was far from successful on many stages, and eventually led to the death of hostages, however, the moral reasoning applied by Kant provokes serious doubts on different grounds.First, from the standpoint of metaphysics, the question is whether the householder (law enforcement agencies) is really in any relationship responsibilities with house intruders (Palestine terrorists) to be asked for the dereliction of duty in front of them. Second, from the standpoint of situational ethics, shouldn’t the analysis of correct behavior take into account the relationship of the householder with his friend (responsibility for the safety of the nation)? Third, wouldn’t the truth told to possible assassinators be the betrayal to the one the asylum is granted to (Israel Olympics team)? And at last, is not the moral principle of â€Å"do no harm† more powerful in this context than the â€Å"do no t lie† requirement?In his turn, Kant argues that no good intentions can serve as an excuse to lie (in relation to the attackers), thus transposing the logic of reasoning he used when considering the situation of knowingly false promises on this case of improper compulsion to confess. In our opinion, the validity of such extrapolation is not obvious, as soon as testifying at a fair trial is not the same as providing evidences in court subordinate to the arbitrariness of rulers, and certainly not the same as informing intruders under pressure, and moreover, informing them while breaking responsibilities in front of third persons. Nonetheless, Kant claims that there is no difference between these different situations of forced response, saying that the duty to tell the truth, above all, makes no distinction between those persons in relation to which it should be observed; on the contrary, it is an unconditional obligation which is valid in all sorts of relationships.Following Kan t, it turns out that any relationship between human beings, including the relationships with terrorists, are fundamental to the society and humanity in general. But how can we assume some law-related connections between, metaphorically saying, the householder and the malefactors, if they arise spontaneously and are also against the will of one of the parties? From the perspective of personal duties, the householder is not in any relationships with the attackers simply because these relationships would be malicious. Here, the householder is found is in his natural state in which he is allowed to rely on his own interests only and which is potentially regarded as a state of war of all against all. In the end, according to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, basic human needs -physiological needs and the need for security are of much greater value for any of the majority of people than the needs of a higher level of development, including morality and humanity. As a result, it can be concluded that in its natural state, public opinion generally recognizes or is prepared to recognize the right to the existence of situations of pious deception, when they are designed to meet the society’s basic needs for survival and security.On the other hand, Kant is rightly assuming that people are not fully responsible for the consequences of their actions, especially in sub-standard conditions of revolutionary, totalitarian, or criminal arbitrariness, and therefore cannot make decisions on which information is more harmful. However, this does not mean that people are not responsible for their actions. If grasping this idea of moral philosophy, anyone tries to absolve oneself of responsibility following the truth telling, he or she can easily be put in front of other severe moral claims, similarly belonging to Kant’s fundamental principles of metaphysics of morals. Thus, we reckon that in many aspects, Kant is considering the abovementioned moral dilemma in some absurd world: saying that when one tells the truth and law violators grab people one is responsible for to possibly kill them, the person do not bear any blame, while when one lies, and there are still victims caught, the person is morally guilty. This interpretation of the situation cannot be fully reliable, especially believing that an accident can occur at all times and the subjects of action still have no control over it.To sum up, life laws are constructed in the way that in specific situations one moral norm may face other moral norm directly, and a person will have to weigh them to choose one of them. Moreover, as Kant’s case analysis shows, one and the same rule fulfilled in respect of one person turns to be broken with respect to another person, thus violating the promise of mutual assistance and mutual support. In fact, life really provides with black-and-white situations where absolutely virtuous solutions are possible: in the end, any decision violates som eone’s interests, will bring trouble or suffering to someone. As a result, in most cases, we have to choose the lesser evil. Indeed, an individual should not blindly follow one isolated norm, but rather should not forget about other rules applicable to a given situation. For example, the single-eyed adherence to the â€Å"do not lie† norm while ignoring other equally important norms may turn into absolute faux pas, callousness, and even cruelty. Thus, the task of the morally responsible subject is to assess ethical dilemmas from the standpoint of complexity and multidimensionality of moral set of rules.

UK IT Related Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK IT Related Laws - Essay Example Illegally obtained data, records or information about an individual are often used in crimes that involve identity theft. Other usage of data about a person includes blackmail, kidnapping and other crimes. Data Protection Act of 1998 The Data Protection Act of 1998 was in response to the European Directive of 1995 that required member states to protect the right to privacy of every citizen in the European Union. Recognizing the borderless nature of internet transactions, the need for this law to be passed in every state is of outmost importance to ensure that no European will be victimized within the European Union by fellow Europeans engaged in criminal activities. The Data Protection Act was very explicit in limiting the information to be gathered by organizations from an individual to ensure that only what is needed by the organization can be gathered. The Data Protection Act also mandates that the information gathered from an individual or generated for an individual by an establ ishment should not be kept longer than necessary. The provision cited herein has the intention of ensuring that no data or information can be obtained that can be used in stealing and replicating an identity. However, there are instances where problems still occur. In September 2010, Brighton General Hospital was robbed of Hard Drives that contained confidential information of patients of the said hospital. Although, the Chief Executive of Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trusts stated that the Hard Drives have been released to a contractor who was paid to destroy the Hard Drives, unfortunately the contractor sold them on E-Bay. As soon as they have been informed of the theft, they were able to catch and recover the hard drives with the help of the local police. The Information Commissioner’s Office stated that the watchdog suggested that the fine of the hospital be 375,000 pounds. The 375,000 pound fine is the biggest fine that the Information Commissionerâ€℠¢s Office has issued. (OUT-LAW.com, 2012) Kent County Council has been named as the number one organization that loses private data of their clients in the United Kingdom. There had been 72 reports of theft between the years 2008 and 2011. One incident was mentioned in the article where a worker lost a USB drive that contained information regarding students somewhere. Most of the Kent County Council’s loss of data incidents includes the loss of laptops, documents that were misplaced or accidentally left outside a car. Another incident mentioned were parents receiving a report of a different child. Although the Kent County Council was not held liable for some incidents which is illustrated in an incident where one family posted case notes pictures on Facebook, making it accessible to anyone. However, it is no big surprise that they came out as Number One with respect to data loss since they are a big authority in the United Kingdom. (BBC, 2011) Zurich Insurance was issued a fi ne of 2,300,000 million pounds by the Financial Service Authority for the data loss incident in August 2008 involving 46,000 of its customers. The data loss occurred when they were transferring data to storage

Review Of System ROS Versus Gordon Health Assessment Essay

Review Of System ROS Versus Gordon Health Assessment - Essay Example While in the Gordon functional assessment is where the nurses entail on issues regarding the metabolic processes of the patient. This is where the nurse digs out about the fluids that the patient takes. On Review of the system, matters concerning allergies, it's extremely critical to these patients. A bee sting can cause enormous swelling. There are also matters to do with cat and dogs fur. Some patients suffer from different complications. While In the Gordon functional assessment the nurse inquiries on matters on elimination patterns. This is where the nurse asks the patients about matters regarding constipations. In Gordon assessment, the Nurses addresses on issues concerning the activity and exercises that the patient Takes every day. Between the two discussed health assessment methods, I would prefer the Gordon health assessment method. This is because Gordon entails more on the patients and it also gives the patient a solution to the problems. This is because the nurse focuses on various issues regarding the patient. These issues are like the activity and exercises. There is also the issue of pain where the nurse asks the patient about the sensory experience. The nurse also focuses on sleep and the rest of the patient, role of the sexuality on how the patient feels about his sexuality, values, and beliefs and also faces stress and a solution is given on how he tolerate the stress. So I would recommend the nurses to use the Gordon functional assessment because it entails on the emotions and patterns of the patients.

The African-American Odyssey Essay Example for Free

The African-American Odyssey Essay The emancipation of the African slave who was now disconnected from their traditions and way of life after nearly 300 years, is seemingly a great gush from the dam to the ebbs and flows of the struggle. The end of slavery as we know it, presented a ball of mixed emotions among the nation; North and SOUTH. Some slaves were grossly ecstatic to be free. For example, when a slave girl named Caddy, from Goodman, Mississippi found she was free, went to her mistress, flipped up her dress and told her Kiss my ass! On the contrary, some slaves were apprehensive of being free. For example, one elderly slave woman reportedly said, I ain no free nigger! I is got a marster and mistiss! Dee right dar in de great house. Ef you don believe me, you go dar an see. Though most slaves were detached from their families, many managed to regroup and find their love ones after their emancipation and constructed close knit families. Land was an viable means of survival in the minds of newly freedmen and the government was eager to deem lands to the ex-slaves . On January 16, 1865, General William T. Sherman told the freedmen that they will receive the land they were in search of. They were granted the head of each family would receive possessory title to forty acres of land. Sherman also gave the use of Army mules, thus giving rise to the slogan, Forty acres and a mule. Similarly in 1862 the Union military set aside land in Port Royal, South Carolina, which became known as the Port Royal experiment. The freedmen bureau was created to aid newly freed slaves in the transition from bondage to freedom in 1865. After Lincolns assassination the succession of his Vice president, Andrew Johnson, to the presidency meant that the white owners of the lands, that were given to the freedmen, would be returned. Sharecropping became a sort of ebb in the river of the African-American progression as far as freedom was concerned. Presented as labor contracts by white land owners, the institution of slavery was extended under a cloud of debt. In which, the black family, oft times became debtors due to the lack of honesty on the account of their white lender. Aside from family, among African-Americans, the black church became the most important institution. Not only did it fill deep spiritual and inspirational needs, it offered enriching music, provided charity and compassion to those in need, developed community and political leaders, and was free of white supervision. With the end of slavery, blacks who then had to attend services with white parishioners who treated them as second class Christians, could now organize and attend their own churches. The advent of the black church definitely brought about a flow in the river of struggle for African-Americans. Education was another flow in the river of struggle and a critical means of survival amongst people of color. It coincided alongside freedom. All who were versed in education of all sorts were summoned to teach the freedmen and their children. Teachers from all walks showed. Classes were held in churches, old slave markets, stables, taverns, homes, and former slave cabins. Funding came from various religious and political organizations and the Freedmens Bureau. Although white teachers helped a bit, black teachers were praised throughout the negro community because, as Rev. Richard H. Cain said , We must take into our own hands the education of our race Honest, dignified whites may teach ever so well, but it has not the effect to exalt the black mans opinion of his own race, because they have always been in the habit of seeing white men in honored positions, and respected. Most colleges and universities for blacks taught elementary and secondary level curriculum. The introduction of the historically black colleges and universities was formed from the idea of a higher education for people of color. In the midst of the newfound freedom, religious organization, and education of Negroes which was an obvious flow, a reoccurring ebb presented itself in the form of violence. Justice for the black man was never considered in those times. Thousands of innocent African-Americans were heinously murdered without a single conviction of a white perpetrator whom committed the acts. Atop the murders, black towns, businesses, churches, and schools were destroyed at the hands of the angry white southerners. The Failure of Reconstruction For the first time ever in history, a group of black men had concurrently became politicians. They were joined by the carpetbaggers of the north and the scalawags of the south in the Republican constituency. Of the 1,000 men elected as delegates to the ten state conventions, 265 were black. Collectively, they drafted new, striking constitutions that, unlike the previous constitutions, allowed all men to vote; even the ex-Confederates. Although, the Republicans displayed compassion upon their dealings with their opponents, the unruly Southern ego rose once more against the ratification of the new constitutions. In due course, the majority did manage to ratify and in each state, black men were elected to offices. As time progressed, nearly 1,500 black men were in office around the throughout the south. Among those were the likes of Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram R. Revels, Joseph Rainey, Jonathan J. Wright, Francis L. Cardozo, Robert Smalls, and Ferdinand Havis. This was a flow that led to inevitable ebb in the river of fight for African-Americans. That ebb presented itself in the form of the gradual failure of reconstruction. Issues such as education, social welfare, civil rights, land, and businesses plagued the Republican frame of thought daily. The black leaders efforts to facilitate education throughout the black and poor white communities failed overall. Lack of funds is the greatest blame for the inconsistency. At the time, there were no segregation laws, but whites refused to let their children go to school with blacks. Though a valid effort amongst African-Americans was given toward civil rights, they did not receive the respect that every other law abiding citizen received. For example, they were not accommodated at hotels and on public transportation, nor were they served as paying customers at various businesses. The blacks who worked for the white landowners were being cheated daily as if they were still in captivity. White employers would either fire the worker before the harvest or make up outlandish fees and debts. Some just didnt pay at all! Black leaders grew tired of the robbery and made laws to eliminate such happenings. The distribution of land amongst landless, yeomen, farmers didnt happen in any other state but South Carolina. Over fourteen thousand black families and a few white families, received land. Black businesses, unfortunately, did not and could not flourish due to the lack of funds during the expanding of the railroad. Other businesses made handsome amounts of profit but the African-American business owners could not cash in. Black politicians laid the foundation for public assistance, education, criminal justice reform but, could not do anything that directly dealt with their people. Reason being, was that they were the minority in the Republican party and in fact, were not allowed to ratify their own agenda. Besides, they couldnt agree on most things because they came from different walks of life. Bickering throughout the Republican party sparked a high turnover in political leadership and the loss of that very economic security? This made for inexperienced leadership and added to Republican woes. Opposition came to the party in various ways; Such as, the conservative Democrats who continued to heckle blacks who in any way participated in the political process and the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan, was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866, by ex-confederate soldiers who were hell-bent on eradicating and/ or terrorizing anyone who didnt submit to southern culture. They used any means necessary to remove blacks from politics. The Enforcement Act of 1870 was passed to prohibit Klansmen from wearing their regalia in public and protected the civil rights of black citizens. The following year the Ku Klux Klan Act was passed and it made the interference of a persons right to vote, hold office, jury duty and equal protection a federal offense. The fifteenth amendment was passed in 1869, and later ratified in 1870. It clearly expressed the right to vote to all citizens but failed to address the literacy tests, property possession rule, or the poll tax that continued to plague voters. Radical Republicans and northern whites alike grew exhausted with the dependency of blacks, (as they saw it) and looked upon them as unfit to be involved in the political system. They thought that reconstruction had been a mistake. The Freedmens Bank was founded in 1865 and done well until the white board of directors foolishly invested in Washington, D. C. real estate. The Panic of 1873 brought about a significant loss in unsecured railroad loans. As a result, the bank closed in 1874. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was an act of good intentions, yet it was ruled unconstitutional by U. S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Bradley who, wrote that the Fourteenth Amendment protected black people from discrimination by states but not by private businesses. The end of Reconstruction was as brutal and contentious as the beginning. Blacks refused to vote in response to the terrorism inflicted upon them by the southern Democrats. The withdrawal of the federal troops that were to protect the rights of colored people left the black citizens with no means of defense and they therefore had to bow down to the numerous massacres that were to occur. The compromise of 1877, in which, Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Haynes, ran for the presidency, brought about more violence towards blacks and grew worse as time passed.

The Faults in the Recent Project of Sainsbury :: Sainsbury Business Management Essays

The Faults in the Recent Project of Sainsbury In 2000, Sainsbury’s began its â€Å"business transformation programme†. The grand plan includes what is arguably the largest and most ambitious retail supply chain project in Europe. The main driver was the need to cut costs. However, internal research found that the company’s cost-per-case was significantly higher than its nearest rivals. Sainsbury‘s had been managing distribution in the same way for more than 40 years, which is mainframe-based warehouse management system, Its typical distribution center was almost as old. Compared to the age of the average Tesco depot—seven years—Sainsbury's depots were nearing the end of their useful life. The old system of depots was designed for the purposes, such as packing for meat and own-brand goods. However, it means that one store could be receiving goods from five or six different depots in any one day, which was highly inefficient. The old delivery system was also ill-suited to changes in customer tastes, habits and store locations. Supermarkets have to offer a wider range of products, in smaller volumes and at lower prices, than in the past, to people who shop when they need to rather than stocking up once a week. â€Å"Today, Sainsbury’s carries 2.5 million cases per week from around 2,000 suppliers. It also has to deliver them to 500 outlets every day, ranging from traditional large stores to smaller shops on previously untapped territories, such as railway terminals and Shell petrol stations. Given this diversity, daily â€Å"waves† of restocking are required from 5am onwards.† (http://www.supplymanagement.com/archiveitem.asp?id=8784, 4/4/2005) In order to service this need, Sainsbury revamped its supply chain and created a complete end to end supply management system. â€Å"The initial timeline for the project was seven years, as the struggling chain set about pruning a network of 25 distribution centres to just nine facilities in eight regions around the UK. Another part of the plan was to build four giant warehouses, two of them fully automated, for  £400 million each." (http://www.supplymanagement.com/archiveitem.asp?id=8784, 4/4/2005) Sainsbury did it in three years, to catch up with, in some cases, and some cases overtake its rivals. Sainsbury's uses a number of IT systems to manage its supply chain, mostly within the Accenture outsourcing deal. Distribution warehouse management systems are provided by Manhattan Associates. Eqos has built an alerts system to improve stock availability in store, based on Microsoft .net technology. And Retek has supplied software to forecast product demand in Sainsbury's stores. By implementing automation, Sainsbury was hoping also to avoid human errors so that errors were right at the first time Although, Sainsbury has been working hard to improve its supply chain, however, the operation of its four new automated depots

Tourettes Syndrome in Children

Tourette's syndrome, also called Tourette's disorder is named after the neurologist, Gilles de la Tourette. Sometimes it is referred to as GTS but more often it is simply called Tourette's or ‘TS’. It is an inherited neurological disorder marked by movement-based (motor) tics which are abrupt, repetitive, stereotyped, non-rhythmic movements, as well as vocal (verbal or phonic) tics which are involuntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat. Tourette's is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes transient and chronic tics.This disorder may appear in multiple family members, and often appears (co-morbid) with other behavioral disorders, in particular – â€Å"obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)† (Hawley 2008). People with this disorder have normal life expectancy and intelligence, but symptoms can lead to decrease in normal activities (Walkup, Mink & Hollenbec k 2006). Tourette’s syndrome, as described in the psychiatric diagnostic tool DSM-IV-TR criteria is â€Å"associated with distress or social or functional impairment† (Hawley 2008). Onset and Diagnosis.The most common first sign to alert people to visit the doctor for a possible presence of Tourette’s is a facial tic such as â€Å"rapidly blinking eyes or twitches of the mouth† (NTSA 2009). Unintended, involuntary sounds such as throat clearing, shrugging or tics of the limbs may be initial signs but in certain case, although rare, the symptoms become abruptly with multiple symptoms of movements and sounds. Chronic tic disorder is diagnosed with the presence of single or multiple tics, and the presence of motor or phonic tics (but not both) which is present for a year or more.On the other hand, Tourette's which falls under the category of above is diagnosed when there are multiple motor tics occurring at the same time with one phonic tic and is manifested for more than a year. As a general rule, simple motor tics like blinking are first noticed on the child at around 5-10 years old, while vocal tics start manifesting after 8 years old but before the child is 15 years old. Symptoms of the disorder can be seen in infancy but this is a rarity. As a rule, the symptoms may come and go and children show identifiable signs at round 7 years old (Hawley 2008), and before 18-21years old (Black 2007).Studies found the most onset was between 9-14 years of age (Leckman 2003, Black 2007). Another study showed that tics started below 18 years, but 5 relatives had an onset after the age of 21 years. Affected persons will â€Å"blink, jerk, grunt, clear their throats, swing their arms, grasp or clasp others, have obsessive-compulsive behaviors or use verbal expletives (coprolalia) uncontrollably† (Tabers 2001, 2207). In some cases, people suffering from Tourette’s can control the verbal expletives in public but they will express it vig orously once they are in private.Coprolalia, â€Å"the uncontrollable utterance of socially objectionable or taboo words or phrases† is the most popular symptom of Tourette's but it is not required for a diagnosis hence about 90% of patients afflicted with it only Tourette's does not have coprolalia. The most common, initially noticed motor tic is eye blinking and the vocal tic is repetitive throat clearing (Black 2007). The disorder often persists throughout the individual’s lifespan but severity peaks in adolescence and thereafter decreases to a point that it is almost not bothersome to the person.This average though can be very misleading because some form of fluctuation or recurrence have been documented although it is not severe. There have also been rare cases that reported a recurrence of tics that is bothersome enough to seek medical attention, and have had to maintain lifelong treatment due to progressively worsening of tic activity (Black 2007). Prevalence. T ourette's syndrome used to be known as a rare condition but it is now contended by doctors and psychologists that it may be more common but misdiagnosed because some cases are so mild that patients and their families discard it as being an oddity rather than Tourette’s.Most children with TS have mild, barely bothersome, non-disabling symptoms, and it is difficult to distinguish the signs of the disorder as opposed to a child acting out such as Mimicking others, blinking being viewed as tormenting someone who may have done so because they wear glasses, or by doing things that others would view as the child just trying to get attention, therefore, medical attention is not a thought to the parents of the child who is doing these things.In some patients the tics improve and disappear as they grow older; hence, they never seek medical attention. The estimated prevalence is 0. 7-4. 2% (Hawley 2008) based on children checked in public schools. Tourette’s is known to be famili al and its prevalence rate in first-degree relatives is 5-15% (about 10 times the prevalence rate in the general population). Chronic motor tics occurring, without vocal tics has also been documented as being common in relatives (Black 2007).In special education programs, 26% of students identified tics, as compared to 6% of students in mainstream classrooms led to identification of co-morbidity with having symptoms of TS included ADHD and OCD (Hawley 2008), impulse control disorders, anxiety and mood disorders, as well as difficulties with living and adaptation (Walkup, Mink & Hollenbeck 2006). It is estimated that 1 in 10 children per 1,000 have Tourette’s disorder, and as many as 1 per 100 people may have tic disorders.In children, male to female ratio varies from 2-10:1 (Hawley 2008), boys have an increased prevalence for chronic tics compared to girls in exhibiting 5:1 ratio, although some studies show between 2:1 and 10:1 ratios (Black 2007). If OCD data is included as a variant of Tourette’s, their quantities added to the total, the ratio between boys and girls become equal (Hawley 2008). Causes. Environmental factors may contribute to the cause but up to now exact causes of the disorder is still are not known.The clinical phenomenon are very similar across social classes, ethnicity and culture which suggests a genetic basis and the disorder has been reported globally (Hawley 2008). As children pass through adolescence, the tics decrease in severity and it is extremely rare for Tourette's to persist in adulthood. Whether the resolution is a compensation of the neuro system or a resolution of the underlying pathology is unclear (Hawley 2008).Adults who show signs of the disorder are likely to have shown symptoms since childhood, although these may have been so mild that they were generally unnoticed and undiagnosed. In the US though, most diagnosed patients being examined at research centers and affiliated with lay organizations are white. But this does not necessarily mean that Caucasians have a predisposition, it may merely be due to differences healthcare-seeking behaviors. A non-genetic cause may also exist and is still under research and investigation.Additional evidence is being gathered regarding the differences in severity between affected twins with the twin having experienced peri-natal complications experiencing increased symptom severity (Hyde 1992, Black 2007). Also garnering much attention is the theory that Tourette’s syndrome may be caused by an abnormal immune response to streptococcal infection. In several documented cases, tics began suddenly after a streptococcal infection. As a result of this the case definition for a â€Å"post-streptococcal autoimmune neuro-psychiatric disorders† came into being (Snider 2003, Black 2007).The difference between other movement disorders such as choreas, dystonias, and dyskinesias and that of Tourette's – these are â€Å"temporarily suppressib le, non-rhythmic and more often than not are preceded by a premonitory urge† (Black 2007). Just before an onset, an afflicted individual feels an urge that is similar to one felt before a sneeze or an itch that needs scratching. This is often pictured as a buildup of tension and energy which they are then able to consciously release so the sensation is relieved.It is further described as â€Å"something stuck in one's throat, a localized discomfort in the shoulders that leads to the need to clear one's throat or shrug the shoulders† (Hawley 2008). The actual tic is eventually felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to clearing the throat or shrugging the shoulder. This is how â€Å"premonitory sensory phenomena† or premonitory urges are described by sufferers. Medication and Treatment. Often, medication is unnecessary and a safe and effective medication for each and every case of tic is yet to be introduced.There have been medications as well as ther apies that help to reduce certain types of tics, but not cure it. In general, the medical management of Tourette’s is the treatment of coexisting behavior symptoms, change in diet, patient and family education. The patient and family are educated regarding how to effectively handle the manifestations of the disorder, and if an effective adaptation is made, they can avoid the use of medications. Medication is only considered when there is substantial interference with social and academic performance, as well as activities of daily living.The target is not for completely eliminating the symptoms but merely to alleviate the social embarrassment and discomfort so as to improve the social and academics life of the child. Various pharmacological agents are used to reduce the symptoms’ severity but it only treats the symptom and often the medications are have neurological effects whereas it has been argued that the disorder is a neurobiological condition. No curative or preve ntive treatments are atill available for this neurobiological or even biological aspect.There is a growing movement to go against medications because this being a chronic disorder, the goal should be long-term benefit rather than quick improvement at any cost. Families are also getting increasingly worried that the medications might have a detrimental effect in their children, that perhaps in the end, it ‘damages’ them rather than helping. It has been Resources for the child and families are available in several way which include educating students and school personnel regarding the nature the syndrome as well as improving the school environment will help the patient to avoid pharmacotherapy.Parents and families members of a child who has TS can turn to agencies such as the National Tourettes Association, counseling with the doctor’s, videos, and self help books. Reference List Black, Kevin J.. , Webb, Heather. Neurology: Pediatric Neurology: Tourette Syndrome an d Other Tic Disorders. Mar 30, 2007. Available from eMedicine Specialties at http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/1182258-overview Hawley, Jason S. , Darnall, Carl R. , Gray, Sharette K. Pediatrics: Developmental and Behavioral – Tourette Syndrome. 23 June 2008.Available from eMedicine Specialties at http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/289457-overview. National Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. Tourette Syndrome: Frequently Asked Questions Website http://www. tsa-usa. org. Available at http://www. tsa-usa. org/Medical/Faqs. html. 2009. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. Tourette’s Syndrome. (pp. 2207-2208). Philadephia, PA. F. A. Davis Company. 2001. Walkup, John T. , Mink, Jonathan W. , Hollenbeck, Peter J. Edition: Tourette Syndrome. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.

The Use Of Formal Standardized Testing And Norm Reference...

When addressing the statements of NAECY, NASP AND THE DEC they all three are for the children. They all relate around the family and wanting the family involved. The all have a clear understanding of what an assessment is and how it is to be carried out. They all are curriculum based and feel that it should be age- appropriate. They all link back to goals that link to the curriculum. Last but not least they have similarities when it comes to assessing the programs. Standardize testing The NAECY believe that the use of formal standardized testing and norm-reference assessments of young children is limited to situations in which such measures are appropriate and potentially beneficial, such as identifying potential disabilities. (National Association for the Education of Young Children. 2003) The DEC believe much of the same they believe that that conventional standardized norm-references assessments materials and tasks are very often seen as entirely wrong even for the use with children of typical development. (Neisworth Bagnato, n.d.,) Both believe that assessments should be done, but they should be done as a collection of things such as rating scales, observations and portfolios. As for the NASP they do believe in large scale standardize testing as long as the guided lines are followed and that the test does not make a decisions on a single test they believe that an individual should be judged on multiple measure of academic achievement, including grades, curri culumShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Psychological Assessment On Counseling And Clinical Practice1675 Words   |  7 PagesNUMBER TWO Assessment Discuss the role of psychological assessment in counseling or clinical practice. 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